Mitogenome phylogeny

The fresh new mitochondrial sequence try a commonly used unit ong pets thirty-five . In the present investigation, to help clarify the new phylogenetic interrelationships within Anatidae, concatenated nucleotide sequences regarding thirteen chemistry profile examples PCGs and two rRNA genes were extracted from 37 Anatidae aves, regarding five Aythya species, that Netta variety, you to Asarcornis variety, you to definitely Mareca species, 7 Anas kinds, three Mergus types, one to Lophodytes types, about three Bucephala species, that Cairina varieties, one Aix variety, a couple Tadorna variety, four Cygnus variety, one Branta types, four Anser variety, and another Dendrocygna types.

Both in the brand new Bayesian inference (BI) and you can maximum likelihood (ML) analyses, the fresh new phylogenetic woods got almost similar topologies (Fig. eight, Additional Figs. 1 and you will dos). Each other trees about a couple of analyses was basically backed by good mathematical beliefs. Typically, the fresh genera Aythya, Netta, Asarcornis, Anas, Mareca, Mergus, Lophodytes, Bucephala, Cairina, Tadorna, and you can Aix clustered in the subfamily Anatinae, whereas this new subfamily Anserinae had a sibling experience of Anatinae, and Cygnus, Branta, and you can Anser. Dendrocygna javanica, whoever upright present, elongated neck and base, and you will conspicuous perching-forest habit distinguish they away from other Anseriformes types, diverged before on main ancestry and you can signifies a brother clade so you can Anatinae-Anserinae thirty six . All of our topology is extremely consistent with the consequence of knowledge centered to your analysis away from concatenated mitochondrial nucleotide sequences off ND2 and Cytb family genes, in addition to with morphological investigation 36,37,38 .

Molecular phylogenetic analysis out-of 37 Anatidae types created of the MrBayes and you will IQ forest. Amounts near the nodes portray rear odds (left) and you will bootstrap beliefs (right).

In this Anserinae, species of brand new genus Anser are about Branta canadensis directly. That is relative to earlier in the day morphology-created analyses 39 . The challenge is more cutting-edge with the big subfamily Anatinae. Within this subfamily, we receive five consistent clades: Aythyini (Aythya + Netta + Asarcornis), Anatini (Anas + Mareca), Mergini (Mergus + Lophodytes + Bucephala), and you can Cairinini (Cairina + Aix + Tadorna). Cairinini is actually new sibling set of some other Anatinae people, that has been highly backed by the outcomes of the introduce study. Throughout the Anatinae tribes, Anatini and you will Aythyini has nearer phylogenetic matchmaking, and these results are backed by morphological knowledge and phylogenetic data considering two PCGs 37,38 . During the genus Aythya, A great. americana and you may A good. ferina was indeed clustered plus really-supported opinions. At the same time, An excellent. fuligula additionally the clade (An excellent. americana + A. ferina) formed a premier-offered worthy of part. The target variety, A beneficial. baeri, while the clade (A great. fuligula + (A great. americana + Good. ferina)) were clustered for the you to definitely department, suggesting the latest five varieties setting a monophyletic class.

Results

The present day analysis considering the latest mitogenome out-of Good. baeri (sixteen,623 bp, accession matter MT129533). So it circular mtDNA incorporated 13 PCGs, two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and one CR. As a consequence of assessment, it had been found that the genome regarding A good. baeri presented characteristic sequence formations and you can is a bit much like those people from Aythya aves. One of the PCGs, ND3 had the extremely polymorphism and highest genetic distance. Our very own phylogenetic studies centered on mutual mitochondrial gene place (thirteen PCGs and two rRNAs) from 37 Anatidae varieties having fun with BI and ML formulas showed that A. baeri try directly regarding An effective. fuligula, A good. americana, and you can Good. ferina. Indeed, i deduced why these varieties was monophyletic. Furthermore, all the genera which several species have been learnt were as well as found to be monophyletic with the exception of Anas, as the you to included Mareca. The present research provides a significant resource into the maintenance off the fresh new analyzed critically threatened variety along with valuable suggestions for next phylogenetic and you may evolutionary lookup towards members of the family Anatidae.